ZEISS Axiocam Family Your Guide to Microscope Camera Technology from ZEISS. zeiss.com/axiocam Cameras for Teaching or High End Color Routine Applications Cameras Polarization Camera 2 High End Fluorescence Integrated Network Cameras Cameras 3 4 Visualization and Documentation Camera technology as diverse as your imaging and documentation tasks. Recent years have seen rapid developments in the processing All things considered, there is simply no such thing as and documentation of m ­ icroscopic images. Technology has the perfect microscope camera – it just depends on the evolved from video cameras connected by frame-grabbingapplications at hand. This guide aims to give you an overview control cards to today’s purely digital cameras operated via of the whole portfolio of ZEISS Axiocams. These dedicated USB, FireWire or quick Ethernet interfaces. Whichever camera microscope cameras range from ­compact color cameras technology you are using for microscopy, you will always for routine documentation to fast, sensitive monochrome need high contrast resolution, good sensitivity and dynamic cameras for gentle live cell imaging. Explore typical performance, and a high readout speed. Often, short applications and use the performance matrix to decide which exposure times and the option of r­ ecording a quick series of­A xiocam is the right one for you. Use the camera terminology images will be just as important as exact color r­ eproduction. chapter to learn about fundamental principles and the words which are used to describe them. 5 Select your ZEISS Axiocam to match your requirements. Welcome to the fascinating world of microscope cameras. With this compendium, you’ll get an overview about the whole portfolio of ZEISS Axiocams. Discover many exciting applications and use it as your guide to selecting the best camera for your imaging and documentation tasks. Cameras for Teaching and Routine ApplicationsThese cameras meet the needs for easy operation and efficiency. You benefit from live images with exactly the right resolution and crisp contrast.  Page 8 High End Color CamerasThese cameras all deliver outstanding true color images in high resolution. Their high dynamic range and high frame rates meet the needs of even the most demanding pathology or histology imaging. For polarized light applications a special camera provides meaningful color-coded visualization. Page 24 High End Fluorescence CamerasThese sensitive monochrome cameras are dedicated to capture even faint signals from your living samples. Each Axiocam contributes a unique combination of resolution, sensitivity and speed to your most demanding live cell imaging experiments. Page 38 6 Integrated Network Cameras These cameras can be connected to your WiFi – giving you freedom of sharing your images with colleagues. Already integrated into the microscope stand, these cameras are always well adjusted.  Page 52 Software Each Axiocam comes with a bundle of free software for basic imaging tasks or can be combined with several high end modules of ZEN imaging software tailored to your applications.  Page 56 Knowledge Base Learn about fundamental terms of camera technology and their meaning. See how sensor type, resolution, frame rate and sensitivity are interconnected and influence your results.  Page 62 7 Cameras for Teaching and Routine Applications Enjoy efficient, easy operation. These cameras meet the needs for easy operation and efficiency. You benefit from live images with exactly the right resolution and crisp contrast.8 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 9 ZEISS Educam 105 Your 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Connected Networks in Teaching and Education Recommended for Decide for the next generation in microscope camera • Teaching and Education technology. This 5-megapixel CMOS camera from ZEISS is • Digital Classroom designed to be the entry-level solution for education and teaching, without compromising on quality or affordability. With enhanced wireless capabilities, connecting to microscopes has never been easier – simply sync up via Wi-Fi and delve into the microscopic world with ease. Or use LAN for communication and image data transfer. Your software of choice is Labscope. Ready for iOS, Windows or Android. Get ready to elevate your educational journey with this entry- level microscope camera. 10 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Young Mouse, objective: iPlan Achromat 10× Corylus avellana, objective: iPlan Achromat 10× Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 Megapixel CMOS sensor with Rolling Shutter • Selectable resolution of 5 MP (snap) and 2 MP (live, snap) to meet all needs perfectlySensitivity • Save energy with the on/off switch button on camera Spectral Sensitivity • Get an overview with the color coded status LED Spectral • Just in case: reset button to get back to factory settings • Camera package offers the following accessories: Relative Relative • Ethernet cable • Power cable and adapter with country-specific plugs • Software: Labscope 4.3 and aboveWavelength(nm) Wavelenght (nm) Spectral Sensitivity of ZEISS Educam 105 (incl. IR Filter) Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 11 ZEISS Axiocam 105 color Your 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Documentation in Routine Labs Recommended for Axiocam 105 color is your small, no-frills microscope camera. • Applications with bright samples With its compact design, it makes quick and efficient work of • Documentation your daily documentation needs. • Education / Teaching With its USB 3.0 connection, experience a high speed data • Routine tasks transfer rate for handling your high resolution 5 megapixel • Materials testing color images. Offering an exposure time range of 30 µs to • Quality assurance / Quality control 1 s and a live frame rate of up to 30 images per second, the camera allows you to be well prepared to cover multiple tasks. Document your results quickly and conveniently. With its attractive price-performance ratio, you can also expand the capability of your fluorescence imaging system with color imaging. Axiocam 105 color is ideal as a secondary camera on fluorescence microscopes that are traditionally equipped with monochrome cameras. The camera’s small form factor also lends itself well to environments with limited space. 12 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Fish, HE staining, brightfield, acquired with ZEISS Stemi 305 Graphite in brightfield, objective: EC Epiplan-NEOFLUAR 20× Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 megapixel CMOS sensor • 30 images per second at full 5 megapixel color resolution 1.0• 8 bit digitization Relative Spectral Sensitivity 0.8 • High resolution with 2.2 µm pixel • Easy to use super-speed USB 3.0 connection 0.6 • Color and black & white imaging modes • Fast and efficient operation with ZEN imaging software 0.4 0.2 0.0 400450500 550 600 650 700 750 Wavelength (nm) Relative spectral sensitivity Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 13 ZEISS Axiocam 202 mono Your 2 Megapixel Stand-alone Microscope Camera for Routine Fluorescence Documentation Recommended for Axiocam 202 mono is your 2 megapixel monochrome • Applications with bright fluorescence samples microscope camera with automatic functions for routine• Documentation fluorescence applications. With this CMOS sensor camera • Education / Teaching you can easily acquire monochrome images in stand-alone • Fluorescence imaging applications with live and fixed cells mode with no need of a PC. Since the camera automatically • Documentation of fluorescent cell cultures adjusts the exposure time you only need to press the snap • Routine tasks in cell laboratories button to capture and store your fluorescence images on a USB flash drive. If needed you can adjust parameters in the OSD (on screen display) menu before you acquire the image. In combination with the smart microscopes Axiolab 5 or Axioscope 5 you can even capture multichannel fluorescence images by simply pressing one button. 14 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Mink endometrium cells, Vimentin (Ms) – Alexa Fluor 568, Phalloidin – Alexa Indian muntiac, deer epidermis fibroblasts, Tubulin (Ms) – Alexa Fluor 405, Fluor 488, Hoechst 33342, acquired with ZEISS Axioscope 5, objective: Plan- Phalloidin – Texas Red, SYTOX Green, acquired with ZEISS Axioscope 5, APOCHROMAT 20× / 0.8 objective: Plan-NEOFLUAR 10× / 0.3 Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 2 megapixel CMOS chip sensor with image diagonal of 13 mm and large pixel size for high sensitivity in 1.0 Relative Spectral Sensitivity fluorescence documentation 0.90.8 • Choose between 12 bit or 8 bit digitization 0.7 • Store images directly on USB flash drive in stand-alone 0.60.5 mode0.4 • Single button multichannel fluorescence acquisition when0.30.2 combined with Axiolab 5 or Axioscope 5 stands in stand- 0.1 alone mode (with no PC) 0.0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 • Automatic exposure and gain adjustment for easyWavelength (nm) fluorescence image capture • Connect directly to a monitor by a HDMI cable for live Relative spectral sensitivityimage display for search and focussing and review of acquired images • Perform secure image data transfer to TWAIN-compatible 3rd party software solutions with the TWAIN driver. Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 15 ZEISS Axiocam 208 color Your Fast, 4K Microscope Camera for Smart Digital Documentation Recommended for Axiocam 208 color is your smart versatile 8 megapixel color • Documentation microscope camera suitable for education, documentation • Education / Teaching and routine applications. This CMOS camera delivers crisp, • Routine tasks detail rich live images with high color fidelity at full 4k • Materials research resolution in outstanding 30 fps. Choose between three • Quality assurance / Quality control modes of operation: • Fast high resolution live image for co-observation 1. In stand-alone mode, you don’t need a PC to acquire microscope images. The camera automatically adjusts brightness and white balance and offers live image enhancement functions like sharpening, denoising and HDR. Digital documentation of your specimen has never been easier. 2. Alternatively, connect the CMOS camera via USB or to a network and control it wirelessly with the easy-to-use imaging app Labscope. Since you can connect multiple cameras to the network, Axiocam 208 color is the ideal solution for digital classroom applications and for connected laboratories, too. 3. In addition, you can use the powerful imaging software ZEN with your Axiocam 208 color. 16 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Trichrome stained blood vessels in transmitted light brightfield, acquired with Red bone marrow in transmitted light brightfield, acquired with ZEISS Axiolab 5, ZEISS Axiolab 5, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 40× / 1.4 objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 40× / 1.4 Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • Full 4K resolution in outstanding 30 fps • Brilliant color rendering Relative Spectral Sensitivity 1.0 • Live image enhancement functions like sharpening, 0.9 0.8denoising and HDR 0.7 0.6 • Use in stand-alone mode and save images on USB flash0.5drive, use Labscope imaging app or ZEN imaging software 0.4 0.3 • Easy and effortless digital documentation – especially 0.2 0.1 suitable for education, digital classroom and routine 0.0documentation 400 450 500550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) • Ethernet or USB 3.0 as digital data interface • Use the optional WiFi stick and Labscope imaging app to Relative spectral sensitivitycontrol and transfer data wirelessly • Document your samples as you see it in the eyepieces • Stand-alone operation with camera control by intuitive On Screen Display via mouse and keyboard without a PC • Connect directly to a monitor by a HDMI cable for live image display for search and focussing and review of acquired images • Perform secure image data transfer to TWAIN-compatible 3rd party software solutions with the TWAIN driver. Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications17 ZEISS Axiocam 305 mono Your Fast 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Routine Fluorescence ApplicationsRecommended for Axiocam 305 mono your 5 megapixel camera from ZEISS for• Fluorescence imaging applications with live and fixed cells fluorescence imaging for your routine lab and enables a range • Documentation of fluorescent cell cultures of applications for live cell observation. The state-of-the-art• Routine tasks in cell laboratories CMOS Global Shutter technology lets you follow and capture • Materials research in near infrared wavelengths samples accurately. Thanks to its high dynamic range, you • Time lapse recording can acquire images with various high contrasts and intensities • Multi channel imaging without the need for hardware in a single image. A dark homogenous background helpstrigger synchronization you see even the finest structural details. And it’s a really fast camera, acquiring up to 36 frames per second at full 5 megapixel resolution. Highly sensitive sensor technology and sophisticated camera engineering means your Axiocam 305 mono will deliver reproducible results every time. The sensor is temperature-stabilized, resulting in reproducible quality and reduced background noise. Easy to use ZEN imaging software fully supports the robust camera performance by an intuitive user interface through a simple and fast USB 3.0 connection. 18 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Antibody staining of mouse brain section. Cell nuclei (blue), astrocytes Astrocytes. Green: GFP, red: tubulin – Alexa 568, blue: Hoechst 33342, (green), cytokeratin (red), acquired with ZEISS Axio Imager, acquired with ZEISS Axio Imager.D2, objective: Plan APOCHROMAT 63× / 1.4 objective: EC Plan-NEOFLUAR 20× / 0.50 Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 megapixel CMOS global shutter sensor • 11.1 mm image diagonal 70 Quantum Efficiency [%] 60 • Fast readout with 36 images per second in full color 50resolution 40 • 12 bit digitization finer gradation in signal 30 • Small 3.45 micron pixels for better sampling at low20 ­magnifications10 • Global shutter architecture for distortion-free images 0 400 450 500 550 600650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 • Active thermal stabilization of the sensor for extremely Wavelength (nm) ­reproducible image quality • Easy to use super-speed USB 3.0 connection Spectral sensitivity • Fast and efficient operation with ZEN imaging software Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 19 ZEISS Axiocam 305 color Your Fast 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Routine and Research Labs Recommended for Axiocam 305 color is your 5 megapixel camera for high • Applications with bright samples ­resolution imaging at fast speeds. With state-of-the-art • Documentation CMOS global shutter technology, you can follow and capture• Routine tasks samples distortion-free and with great accuracy. Thanks to• Materials research this highly sensitive sensor technology and precise camera• Quality assurance / Quality control engineering, your Axiocam 305 color allows the capture of • Fast high resolution live image for co-observation quality color images for a wide range of applications. Acquire• Fast image acquisition and time-lapse recording great color images with crisp contrast or use the optional black & white mode to document basic fluorescence. With this fast camera offering up to 36 frames per second at full resolution, achieve efficient searching, fast focusing and ­ergonomic handling at your digital microscope workplace. Cover more of your area of interest with its 2/3″ sensor format and produce great color images on your compound, stereo, or zoom microscope. Though a simple and fast USB 3.0 connection, control the camera and experience robust performance with easy to use ZEN imaging software and its intuitive user interface. 20 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Liver of Amphiuma in brightfield, HE-staining, acquired with ZEISS Axio Pure iron in brightfield, reflected light, acquired with ZEISS Axio Observer, Imager, objective: EC Plan-NEOFLUAR 20× / 0.50objective: EC Epiplan-APOCHROMAT 50× / 0.9 Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 megapixel CMOS global shutter sensor • 11.1 mm image diagonal 1.0• Fast readout with 36 images per second in full colorRelative Spectral Sensitivity0.9 resolution0.8 0.7 • 12 bit digitization for finer gradation in signal0.6 • Small 3.45 micron pixels for better sampling at low 0.5 ­magnifications 0.4 • Global shutter architecture for distortion-free images0.3 0.2 • Active thermal stabilization of the sensor for extremely 0.1 ­reproducible image quality 0.0 400 450 500550 600 650 700 • Easy to use super-speed USB 3.0 connectionWavelength (nm) • Color and black & white imaging modes • Fast and efficient operation with ZEN imaging software Relative spectral sensitivityCameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 21 Pathology & Histology The field of pathology aims to better understand the causes, At ZEISS, the use of optical instruments in the battle against mechanisms and consequences of disease by studying the disease dates back to Robert Koch’s groundbreaking structural and functional changes that take place in cells and discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis. Today, you tissues during disease processes. Soon after microscopes carry out research and routine diagnosis in pathology and became available, pathologists began to realize how much histology with different kinds of microscopes and preparation help these instruments would be in carrying out such techniques, and this is one of the most important procedures studies. Especially in conjunction with staining techniques, in practical medicine. Among the most famous stainings for microscopes became powerful tools for identifying normal transmitted light applications is the classic Hematoxylin and and abnormal tissue as well as cell-morphologies. This Eosin stain (HE) that colors different tissue portions in violets consequently developed into the science of histology, which and reds, according to their composition. would have been impossible without such progress in optics and microscope manufacturing. 22 Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications Histological section; red: CD61, blue: nuclear counterstaining,Histological section, red: MPOX2, blue: nuclear counterstaining, objective: EC Plan-NEOFLUAR 20× / 0.5 objective: EC Epiplan-NEOFLUAR 10× / 0.3Courtesy of: A. Schmitt-Gräff, Pathology, University of Freiburg, Germany But nowadays it’s not just color stainings for transmitted light Color cameras from ZEISS reproduce color stains exactly illumination that are used. You also employ fluorescent dyes the way they have to be, reliably and reproducibly. For to label and identify different kinds of cells and structures. fluorescence ­applications, ZEISS monochrome cameras offer This helps you to get more specific information and, bythe sensitivity and dynamic range to reveal even the faintest multiplexing with many dyes, allows to extract a lot more signals. Be they monochrome or color, your Axiocam will information in one workflow step. match your ZEISS microscope perfectly and always give youthe best available resolution for the structures you have to In both cases, the microscope has the task of presenting see. you an image that corresponds perfectly to the real features of the specimen. This is true for observations through the eyepieces, but even more so when digital cameras are used, since a digital image might be re-evaluated after the original specimen is long gone or destroyed-sometimes even decades later. Cameras for Teaching or Routine Applications 23 High End Color Cameras Get True Color Images in High Resolution 24 High End Color Cameras These cameras all deliver outstanding true color images in high resolution. Their high dynamic range and high frame rates meet the needs of even the most demanding pathology or histology imaging. Large sensor areas offer best coverage of your microscope field of view. High End Color Cameras 25 ZEISS Axiocam 705 color Your Fast 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for True Color Image Acquisition in High Resolution Recommended for This flexible 5 megapixel scientific color camera strikes the• High-resolution microscopy perfect balance of speed and resolution. Delivering more • High-framerate imaging than 60 frames per second at full 5 megapixel resolution, this • Research camera captures even the most dynamic processes without • Documentation compromising image resolution. Subsampling or sub-region • Industrial applications readout accelerate your acquisition speed to hundreds of • Materials research frames per second. • Quality control • Medical microscopy • Pathology • Cytology 26 High End Color Cameras Rat kidney section, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 40×/1.4 oil Rat embryonic tissue section, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 63×/1.4 oil Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 megapixel cooled color CMOS sensor 1 Relative Spectral Sensitivity with 11 mm diagonal0,9 • 62 frames per second in full 5 megapixel resolution0,8 0,7 • Best-in-class color rendition 0,6 0,5 • Color and monochrome imaging modes 0,4 • Exclusive noise inhibition technology for low-light imaging0,3 0,2 • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range (HDR) 0,1 0 mode 400 450 500 550600650700 • Combined analogue and digital pixel binning Wavelength (nm) • Small 3.45 µm pixels for high-resolution imaging • Hardware triggering Relative spectral sensitivity High End Color Cameras27 ZEISS Axiocam 712 color Your All-round 12 Megapixel Microscope Camera for True Color Acquisition of Large Specimen Areas in High Resolution Recommended for This 12 megapixel scientific grade camera combines a large • High-resolution microscopy image sensor, small pixel size, precise color rendition and • Large region imaging fast imaging speed. The CMOS sensor delivers more than • Medical imaging 20 frames per second with a 17.5 mm diagonal large field of • Material science research view. You can now acquire large specimen regions quickly • Macroscopic imaging and with uncompromised image quality. The large field of • Pathology view reduces the number of tiles required to image largest samples, and so drastically accelerates tiling experiments. Axiocam 712 color is a highly evolved digital color camera addressing the needs of scientific microscopy, including ­documentation, reporting and analysis. Fast and artifact-free imaging with optimized color reproduction makes your work comfortable and efficient. In addition, exploring your sample on the screen, instead through the oculars, becomes a true and very convenient alternative. 28 High End Color Cameras Mouth region of a mouse embryo section, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT Rat kidney section, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 63×/1.4 oil 63×/1.4 oil Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 12 megapixel cooled color CMOS sensor 1.0 Relative Spectral Sensitivity • Large sensor with 17.5 mm diagonal for extended 0.9field of view 0.8 0.7 • Best-in-class color rendition 0.6 0.5 • Color and monochrome imaging modes 0.4 • 20 frames per second in full 12 megapixel resolution0.3 0.2 • 30 frames per second of the entire field of view in live0.1image mode 0.0 400 450 500 550600650700 • Exclusive noise inhibition technology for lowlight imaging Wavelength (nm) • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range (HDR) mode Relative spectral sensitivity High End Color Cameras29 ZEISS Axiocam 807 color Your Fast, 7 Megapixel Microscope Camera for True Color Imaging of Large Fields of View Recommended for With its dual USB interface and state-of-the art CMOS sensor, • Color imaging applications in a broad range of fields from this 7 megapixel color camera offers you amazingly fast live life sciences to materials research and geoscience image and acquisition speeds. The large 17.6 mm diagonal• Co-observation with fast high resolution live image in high sensor allows for efficient imaging of large fields of view. quality color with a very large field of view • Imaging of large pathology, cytology and materials samples This makes it the camera of choice when screening large • Fast tile scanning applications sample areas as it efficiently reduces the required number of • Samples with a broad range of intensities and exposure tile images. This is extremely beneficial when working with times large, pathology tissue sections or large, colored materials samples. 30 High End Color Cameras Prussian blue staining for hemosiderin (iron deposition) in brown adipose NASH mouse liver with connective collagenous tissue stained in red. tissue of mice. Sample courtesy: A. Feuchtinger, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Sample courtesy: A. Feuchtinger, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Germany Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 7 megapixel CMOS sensor with 17.6 mm image diagonalRelative Spectral Responsivity 1 • 73 full-resolution color images per second recording 0.9(faster with sensor sub-region readout) 0.8 0.7 • High image contrast with 14-bit signal conversion 0.6 0.5 • 4.5 micron pixels for optimal resolution and sensitivity 0.4 0.3 • Fast read-out with global shutter architecture for ­­ 0.2distortion-free images0.1 0 • Monochrome imaging mode 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 • Reproducible image quality due to active thermal Wavelength (nm) stabilization of the sensor • Easy to use high-speed dual USB 3.0 connection Relative spectral responsivity High End Color Cameras 31 ZEISS Axiocam 820 color Your Sensitive 20 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Demanding, True Color Imaging of Large Fields of View Recommended for Axiocam 820 color 20 megapixel camera combines high • The most demanding color applications in life sciences, sensor resolution, color accuracy and a large sensor size for materials research and geoscience the most challenging samples. Its live image is 30 frames per• Co-observation with a fast, high-resolution live image in second, providing navigation with the PC that is as smooth as high quality color with a very large field of view looking through the eye pieces. The small pixels allow the use • Large sample area imaging in pathology, cytology and of low magnifications for high speeds and large fields of view materials samples without losing resolution. • Fast tile scanning applications • The broadest range of intensities by high dynamic range Scan large areas faster than ever before due to its large 17.5 mm square sensor. This makes Axiocam 820 color the ideal choice for demanding color imaging in cytology, pathology, materials research, and life science applications. 32 High End Color Cameras Mouse intestinal goblet cells with neutral (red) and acid (blue) mucine staining imaged with 20x/0.5 (left) and 63x/1.2W (right) objective. Sample courtesy: A. Feuchtinger, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 20 megapixel square CMOS sensor with 17.5 mm image Normalized Spectral Responsitivity 1 diagonal 0.9 • 28 full-resolution color images per second 0.8 0.7(faster with sensor sub-region readout)0.6 0.5 • Small 2.74 micron pixels for resolving the finest details 0.4 0.3 at all magnifications 0.2 • High-quality noise inhibition technology 0.1 0 • Fast read-out with global shutter architecture for400410420430440450460470480490500510520530540550560570580590600610620630640650660670680690700710720 distortion-free imagesWavelength (nm) • Best-in-class color rendition • Color and monochrome imaging modes Normalized spectral responsitivity • Reproducible image quality due to active thermal stabilization of the sensor • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range (HDR) modeHigh End Color Cameras 33 ZEISS Axiocam 705 pol Your Scientific 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Single-shot Polarization Imaging Recommended for Axiocam 705 pol is your scientific 5 megapixel camera with• Material discrimination a polarization filter mask enhanced sensor. A single image is • Kerr microscopy sufficient to capture different polarization parameters such • Mineralogy as angle of polarization, degree of polarization together with• Glass and transparent materials the image content. No special accessories such as an analyzer • Materials research in your microscope are required. You simultaneously acquire • Live cell imaging polarization effects with one single exposure over the field of view which speeds up your imaging as no analyzer needs to be adjusted. 34 High End Color Cameras Basalt thin section, Axiocam 705 pol, 4 channels Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5-megapixel cooled polarization sensitive CMOS sensor • Meaningful methods for visualization of multiple polarization parameters • Low readout noise and analogue signal amplification • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range (HDR) mode • Small 6.9 µm per polarization pixel unit for high-resolution imaging • Hardware triggering Representation of the acquired image information with Axiocam 705 pol • Encoded Pseudo Color 4 Channel Image • Channel 1 = Angle of Polarization • Method of color encoding in HSV color space • Channel 2 = Degree of linear Polarization• Hue = Angle of polarization • Channel 3 = Intensity• Saturation = Degree of linear Polarization • Channel 4 = Color encoded information derived from above • Value = Intensitiy channels • I = Intensity https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV-Farbraum High End Color Cameras 35 Large Area Imaging You use microscopes to make small structures appear bigger. part of it – to answer your question. After a large area has Nevertheless, these small structures are often embedded been digitized, you can identify rare events or make a more in larger collections of cells or in tissues. This is the case accurate statistical analysis on the images. throughout the life sciences, but also in materials science, forensics and in diagnostic applications. Examples include Generally, a very common approach to achieving large area tiny synapses of large neurons in brain tissue, inclusions imaging is to scan the sample with the aid of a motorized and defects on the surfaces of polished materials as well as scanning stage and then create a tile image that can be sperms, hair, skin and other remains on forensic evidence. merged into one seamless reproduction of the sample. A perfect demonstration of this approach is digital slide These samples in their entities are usually too big to be seen scanning for research pathology. Axio Scan.Z1, for example, or captured within a single field of view of a microscopeis an instrument that has driven a fast scanning regime or digital camera, even at low magnifications. Often it will in transmitted or fluorescent applications with on-the-fly be crucial to image the entire area – or at least a largestitching and merging of tile image data to perfection. 36 High End Color Cameras Young mouse, cross section brightfield, acquired with ZEISS Axio Zoom.V16, Foil capacitor, cut open, with dielectric in between; acquired with objective: PlanApo Z 0.5× magnification 6× ZEISS Axio Zoom.V16, reproduction of object / camera 0.8 While this procedure has commonly been used for many possibilities that come with it – for example, an increased years, the current generation of ZEISS Axiocams is able to level of detail – have to be paid for by imaging a larger area, speed things up greatly and at the same time generate higher thus resulting in longer imaging time. quality data. When using lower magnifications, you need cameras with small pixels, large sensor diameter and highYour Axiocam with high pixel counts and small pixel sizes pixel counts to retain resolution in the final image.matches your micro- and macroscopic ZEISS microscope perfectly, making most of their objectives with high numerical In addition, since 2014 the scientific community explores a apertures at low magnifications. Whether for classic scanning new technique called ‘expansion microscopy’. This involves of tissues and materials or for imaging of inflated and physically inflating biological tissues, which means thatexpanded specimens. even small biological specimens such as single cells can get quite large and, consequently, the imaging procedure may take several times longer than before. The exciting newHigh End Color Cameras 37 High End Fluorescence Cameras Capture Even Faint Fluorescent Signals These sensitive monochrome cameras are dedicated to capture even faint signals from your living samples. Each Axiocam contributes a unique combination of resolution, sensitivity and speed to your most demanding live cell imaging experiments.38 High End Fluorescence Cameras High End Fluorescence Cameras 39 ZEISS Axiocam 702 mono Your 2.3 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Fast Low Light and Live Cell ImagingRecommended for Fundamental to the investigation of weak and rapidly • Live cell imaging with high temporal resolution changing signals in biology is the recent advancement in • Low light applications camera techno­logy. Axiocam 702 mono offers cell biologists• Imaging at higher magnifications and all other researchers a high-speed CMOS imaging solution that is very sensitive and affordable. If provides also distortion free high temporal resolution at a very budget friendly price. This high-performance CMOS microscope camera has 2.3 megapixels and a 1/1.2″ sensor (diagonal 13.3 mm), making it the ideal choice for fast and sensitive fluorescence imaging. Peltier cooling ensures low noise and reproducible image quality, particularly when you are dealing with long exposure times and dark areas in the sample. Highest light sensitivity combined with low noise and high frame rates give you the temporal resolution that you always longed for in live cell imaging. 40 High End Fluorescence Cameras Indian Muntjac cultured cells. Mouse kidney section. Sample courtesy of: M. Davidson, Florida State University, USA Sample courtesy of: M. Davidson, Florida State University, USA Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • Monochrome CMOS microscope camera with802.3 megapixels70 Quantum Efficiency [%] • Sensor size of 1/1.2″ (diagonal 13.3 mm) and 60 1920 × 1216 pixels 50 • Pixel size of 5.86 µm40• Up to 128 fps at full resolution and up to 1000 fps @30 1024 × 128 pixels20 10 • Dynamic range > 5000:1 (>74 dB) at typical < 6e read noise0 • Thermo electrical cooled sensor 400 450 500 550 600650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Wavelength (nm) • Optional hardware trigger synchronization Spectral sensitivity High End Fluorescence Cameras 41 ZEISS Axiocam 705 mono Your Fast 5 Megapixel Microscope Camera for High Resolution Imaging at High Speed Recommended for This 5 megapixel monochrome CMOS camera lets you capture• High-resolution fluorescence microscopy time lapse sequences of the most dynamic processes in your • High-framerate imaging sample. You can achieve more than 60 frames per second • Research with full 5 megapixels. Or, you simply reduce the pixel count • Documentation to accelerate your imaging even more – up to hundreds of• Live cell imaging frames per second. Hardware triggering delivers precise • Low light microscopy timing and enables extremely fast multidimensional imaging experiments. Active sensor cooling and low sensor readout noise make this microscope camera your ideal choice for fluorescence microscopy of dim and delicate specimens. Your Axiocam 705 mono employs analog pixel binning and amplification of signal to boost sensitivity. With high peak quantum efficiency of up to 72 % and a broad spectral sensitivity ranging from UV to near-IR light, you can tackle even the most challenging fluorescence imaging applications. 42 High End Fluorescence Cameras Fixed cultured HeLa cells Fixed mouse retina section, acquired with ZEISS Apotome.2.Specimen courtesy of S. Nan and P. Heiduschka, Department ofOphthalmology, University Medical Center Münster, Germany. Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 5 megapixel cooled global-shutter CMOS sensor • 62 frames per second in full 5 megapixel resolution 100 90 Quantum Efficiency [%] • Wide sensitivity spectrum 350 nm – 1000 nm 80 • Exclusive noise inhibition technology for lowlight imaging 70 60 • Low readout noise and analogue signal amplification 50 • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range (HDR) 40 mode 30 20 • Analogue pixel binning 10 • Small 3.45 µm pixels for high-resolution imaging0400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 • Hardware triggering Wavelength (nm) Spectral sensitivity High End Fluorescence Cameras 43 ZEISS Axiocam 712 mono Your Flexible 12 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Fast High Resolution Imaging of Large Specimen AreasRecommended for This camera brings lowest noise and high quantum efficiency• High-resolution fluorescence microscopy for those applications that require highest sensitivity. • Large region imaging Combining a large sensor with an abundance of small and• Research sensitive pixels makes your Axiocam 712 mono a very flexible • Live cell imaging camera, suitable for countless different applications. The • Macroscopic imaging actively cooled CMOS sensor offers lowest readout noise and stable operation over long periods of time. Exposure times can range from 100 µs for the most dynamic specimens up to 60 s for detection of the dimmest signals. This camera delivers more than 20 frames per second at full pixel count and goes up to more than 100 frames per second with a reduced pixel count. Peak quantum efficiency of over 72 %, a broad detection spectrum and a high near-IR sensitivity complete the camera’s set of excellent features. That makes Axiocam 712 mono your all-in-one tool for monochrome imaging applications, ranging from imaging of large sample regions and dynamic specimens to high-sensitivity microscopy of fragile fluorescent specimens. 44 High End Fluorescence Cameras Polarized CACO-2 cells, filter-grown for two weeks. Specimen courtesy ofFixed mouse retina section, acquired with ZEISS Apotome.2. C. Hartmann and K. Ebnet, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute Specimen courtesy of S. Nan and P. Heiduschka, Department of of Medical Biochemistry, WWU Münster, Germany Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Münster, Germany. Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 12 megapixel cooled global-shutter CMOS sensor • Large sensor for extended field of view 10090 Quantum Efficiency [%] • Wide sensitivity spectrum 350 nm – 1000 nm 80 • 20 frames per second in full 12 megapixel resolution7060 • 30 frames per second of the entire field of view in live 50 image mode 40 • Low readout noise and analogue signal amplification 3020 • Exclusive noise inhibition technology for lowlight imaging 10 • Dynamic range of 1:25,000 in high-dynamic range 0 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 (HDR) mode Wavelength (nm) • Small 3.45 µm pixels for high-resolution imaging • Hardware triggering Spectral sensitivity High End Fluorescence Cameras 45 ZEISS Axiocam 807 mono Your Fast, 7 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Live Cell Imaging of Large Fields of View Recommended for With its 17.6 mm diagonal, 7 megapixel CMOS sensor, • Fast imaging of dim fluorescent signals with a good Axiocam 807 mono allows acquisition of large fields of view signal-to-noise ratio with a single shot, resolving every detail of your specimen.• Fast tile scanning applications The frame rate of 73 images per second at full sensor • Live cell imaging resolution captures even the fastest processes. • Flexible setups with varying applications Distortion-free imaging is guaranteed by the global shutter technology. In combination with its high peak quantum efficiency of 78% and low readout-noise, high signal-to-noise ratios are ensured even at low light conditions. 46 High End Fluorescence Cameras Murine lung tissue with tumor metastasis. Optical section of mitotic cells created with ZEISS Apotome. Sample courtesy of H. Ishikawa-Ankerhold, Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Cells have DNA stained with Hoest33342, Aurora B with Alexa 488 und Experimentelle Medizin München, GermanyTubulin with Alexa 568 Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 7 megapixel CMOS sensor with global shutter technology 100,000 Relative Spectral Responsivity • Large sensor with 17.6 mm diagonal for extended 90,00080,000 field of view 70,000 • Wide sensitivity spectrum from 350 nm to 1000 nm60,000 • 73 full-resolution images per second50,00040,000 • High-quality noise inhibition technology and 78 % sensor30,000quantum efficiency for lowlight imaging 20,00010,000 • 4.5 micron pixels for optimal resolution 0,0001000 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 • Global shutter architecture for distortion-free images Wavelength (nm) • Reproducible image quality due to active thermal stabilization of the sensor Spectral sensitivity • Robust, very fast and easy-to-use dual USB 3.0 connection • Hardware triggering High End Fluorescence Cameras 47 ZEISS Axiocam 820 mono Your Sensitive 20 Megapixel Microscope Camera for Demanding, Large Field of View, Fluorescence ApplicationsRecommended for Axiocam 820 mono 20 megapixel camera is equipped with a• The most demanding fluorescence applications in life large 17.5 mm diagonal back-illuminated CMOS sensor having science research a peak quantum efficiency of 86 %. In combination with • Imaging dim fluorescent signals with a good its low readout noise, this camera is the perfect choice for signal-to-noise ratio imaging faint fluorescence signals in living or fixed samples. • Fast tile scanning applications Its square sensor most efficiently utilizes the optical field of • Low light imaging for the best sample protection with live view of the microscope for capturing more details. cell samples• Compatible with the most flexible setups for varying speed, The dual USB 3.0 interface enables the highest acquisition resolution, and sensitivity settings speeds without sacrificing the robustness of a standardized interface. The high performance and unmatched flexibility of Axiocam 820 mono camera makes it the perfect choice for the most challenging samples in life science research. 48 High End Fluorescence Cameras Mouse pancreas tissue stained for DNA (blue), insulin (green) and glucagon Murine lung tissue with tumor metastasis. (red) on pancreas islet. Sample courtesy of A. Feuchtinger, Helmholtz Zentrum Sample courtesy of H. Ishikawa-Ankerhold, Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für München, GermanyExperimentelle Medizin München, Germany Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. • 20 megapixel back-thinned square CMOS sensor with 100,000 Relative Spectral Responsivity 17.5 mm diagonal 90,000 80,000 • 28 full-resolution images per second70,000 • 30 frames per second of the entire field of view in live 60,000image mode 50,000 40,000 • Small 2.74 micron pixels for resolving the finest details at all 30,000magnifications 20,000 10,000 • High 86 % QE by back illuminated sensor architecture 0,000 1000 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 • Low readout noise of 1.3 e- by high-quality noise inhibition Wavelength (nm) technology for low light imaging • Wide sensitivity spectrum from 350 nm to 1000 nm Spectral sensitivity • Fast read-out with global shutter architecture for distortion- free images • Reproducible image quality due to active thermal stabilization of the sensor • Robust, very fast and easy-to-use dual USB 3.0 connection • Hardware triggering High End Fluorescence Cameras 49 Live Cell Imaging Fluorescence has revolutionized biological research in Your challenge is that most cell types of mammals and other many areas. It started some decades ago with still imagesanimals – and even plants – are not used to being exposed and single or dual stainings. Today, multiple fluorescence to light during their physiological processes. That makes stainings or many fluorescent proteins in a live cell approach it the natural goal for you when imaging living specimens have become the standard. Often, you are also attempting to minimize exposure to light, all the while ensuring 3-dimensional imaging to obtain more information from theimage quality is good enough to address your scientific sample at every time-point. question. High intensity light itself is damaging to cells and further phototoxic effects will result from fluorophore Tracking vesicles, observing changes in nuclear architecture photobleaching. In addition to decreasing the available or organelles and following differentiation of stem cells arefluorescence signal with each exposure, photobleaching leads just a few examples of live cell imaging applications that to free radicals and other reactive products. are becoming more and more frequent. This often means acquiring hundreds or even thousands of images to get theThis poses many challenges to the imaging system and data you want from your sample. especially to the camera. The most critical experimental challenge in collecting meaningful live cell microscopy data is to minimize photodamage while acquiring images with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. 50 High End Fluorescence Cameras BSC-1; African green monkey kidney cells, DAPI, Alexa 488 Tubulin, Alexa 568 SK8 / K18 cells, green: intermediate filaments labeled tagged with GFP, TOMM20, acquired with ZEISS Axio Imager.Z2, ZEISS Axiocam 506 mono,red: Aktin Alexa 546, blue: DAPI, acquires with ZEISS Axio Imager, ZEISS Apotome.2 with deconvolution ZEISS Axiocam 503 mono, objective: Plan-APOCHROMAT 63× / 1.4 Furthermore, emission spectra of fluorescent dyes and The Axiocam portfolio leaves the researcher with a choice proteins are distributed across almost the entire spectrum.between cameras with two different types of sensors. You Cameras have to be sensitive in all spectral ranges where the can choose a camera with a CCD sensor that is flexible and relevant dyes fluoresce, such as in the near-infrared range. allows you to switch between higher resolution applicationsand live cell applications by binning pixels. Or you select a There are specialized techniques such as lightsheetCMOS-type camera that allows extremely fast imaging at low- fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to achieve this, and ZEISS light conditions with excellent noise level. has transferred this process into Lightsheet 7. On the other hand, the right choice of microscope and camera also make In addition, your Axiocam is always precisely controlled by a big difference when you are imaging with classic light the imaging software from ZEISS and ideally matched to microscopes, such as Axio Observer or Axio Imager, or novelthe optical properties of our imaging stands and systems. automated imaging platforms, such as Celldiscoverer 7 and That lets you exploit the possibilities of the newest sensor Axioscan 7.technology to the maximum. Short exposure times are key for successful live cell imaging experiments. To detect dim fluorescent signals, it is essential to use cooled scientific grade cameras with low read-out noise. Such systems need to be precisely controlled so that the sample is only exposed to light during the actual exposure time of the camera.High End Fluorescence Cameras 51 Integrated Network Cameras Connect Your Microscopes and Your Students 52 Integrated Network Cameras These cameras can be connected to your WiFi – giving you freedom of sharing your images with colleagues. Already integrated into the microscope stand, these cameras are always well adjusted. Integrated Network Cameras 53 Your Digital Classroom Your students use microscopes to learn about the morpho­ Whenever you consider buying new school equipment, think logy of human, animal or plant cells. They will need a deeper about installing a digital classroom. An interactive digital knowledge of sample preparation, staining procedures and classroom will help you produce the engaging atmosphere finally sample examination if they are to learn to identify, for that motivates students to discover their field of study and example, blood cell disorders. reach their learning goals. Some lectures also require a thorough knowledge of various ZEISS microscopes and the imaging software Labscope microscopy techniques and software for image acquisition make it easy to create a digital classroom with a network and documentation. of connected school microscopes. You can now monitor allstudent microscopes from your own iPad or iPhone. And get Hand drawings of samples like onion ephithelium or oralyour students encouraged by interactively involving them in mucosa still play an important role in understanding your teaching. They will get on with their learning success morphology. In addition, digital school equipment such in an enjoyable way and have fun in your training session by as smart boards, tablets, e-learning and interactive video sharing their microscope images in their networks. courses are becoming an essential part of your learning and teaching methods. Document and archive your results.And share the images in your digital network. It is full ofpossibilities. 54 Integrated Network Cameras • Connect Labscope to your microscope to start with digital microscopy work. • Connect Labscope to multiple microscopes to fulfill your microscopy works on different microscopes. • Connect your microscope to multiple tablets to do the microscopy work by different users at same time. • Connect multiple microscopes to multiple devices to enable a fully connected lab or classroom. Integrated Network Cameras 55 Software Use ZEISS Imaging Software to Make Most of Your Axiocam 56 Software Each Axiocam comes with a bundle of free software for basic imaging tasks. Or can be combined with several high end modules of ZEN imaging software tailored to your applications. Software 57 ZEISS ZEN Imaging Software All Axiocam models come with a free version of ZEN, the user-friendly imaging software from ZEISS. ZEN unleashes all of your camera features so you will quickly and easily be acquiring brilliant images with your microscope. It presents all Axiocam functions in a simple user interface. Turn on automatic functions to support your imaging needs and get great results – fast! Non-destructive image handling and file formats, developed specially for microscopy, are just two benefits that guarantee you will get maximum information content in your images. In addition, the free ZEN packages are extended with useful features such as recording movies or exporting to various image data formats. Image scaling information is made available and stored together with your image data. Or simply use ZEN imaging software as an image viewer for both simple and complex images with multiple dimensions acquired on ZEISS microscopy systems. ZEN lite Your Microscope Software for Applications in Life SciencesZEN lite brings you into the core functionality of advancedUpgrade ZEN lite with optional features: ZEN software. For instance, you can modify your user • Acquire multichannel images of your specimens interface color scheme to better suit your environment. Use• Acquire time-lapse images of your specimens ZEN lite in compact mode for a clear overview, or use the • Use extended measurement functions to evaluate full view for quick access to all functions. ZEN lite saves your your sample imaging conditions together with the metadata in the .CZI file • Create image analysis workflows / wizards format. • Control ZEISS Axiocam microscope cameras • Create, manage and export manually-scaled microscope images and record videos • Use the manual focus of your microscope to create extended depth of focus images • Stitch images together using the panorama functionality • Use basic measurement functions to analyze your sample • Review the metadata in your .CZI image files 58 Software ZEN starter Your Microscope Software for Industrial ApplicationsThe free microscope software ZEN starter brings you these Upgrade ZEN starter with optional features: key features for materials applications:• Control ZEISS microscopes • Use workbenches for repetitive application tasks • Control ZEISS Axiocam microscope cameras • Analyze your images automatically • Use customizable workbenches • Control and acquire temperature-triggered image • Create, manage and export manually-scaled microscopesequences with the Linkam heating stage images and record videos • Manage and link your data to IMS • Use the manual focus of your microscope to create • Correlate your images between light- and scanning electron extended depth-of-focus images microscopes • Stitch images on-the-fly using the automated panorama • Take advantage of GxP functionalities for audit trail and ­f unctionality process insurance • Use basic measurement functions to analyze your sample • Create Microsoft Word reports • Save your data and documents in the Data Archive Software 59 ZEISS Labscope Your Imaging App for Digital Classrooms and Routine Laboratory WorkConfigured to Your Requirements Labscope is your easy-to-use imaging app for connected Microscopes microscopy. Be it for the laboratory, university, school or even All microscopes with a camera interface your hobby – it’s easier than ever before to snap images, Primostar 3 cam record videos and measure your microscopic samples. YouPrimovert HDcam can easily create digital classrooms or digital labs – justStemi 305 cam connect your ZEISS microscopes into a network. Explore the advantages of an inter active learning atmosphere where youCamera can engage your students fully and enthuse them with the Educam 105 content of your lessons. You don’t need to invest in parallel Axiocam 202 mono IT-equipment. Control your cell laboratory microscopes with a Axiocam 208 color connected tablet, smartphone or Windows PC, store images by workplace and observe cell cultures comfortably fromSoftware your office. Then share your images – at the touch of a finger.ZEISS imaging software Labscope Whether you use a Windows PC, tablet or smartphone you for Windows, iOS, Android will enjoy the same consistent GUI, with the same look, feel and user experience: no training required. It’s never been so Functionality simple and efficient until now.Documentation, image processing, camera control, tablet,smartphone, PC, server (cloud), report function, social media,mea­surements  /  annotations, parallel display of severalmicroscope cameras 60 Software Simpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated. Created for Your Applications • Take your choice: HDMI, USB, and LAN interfaces offer you • Document results or dynamic processes for specific many options microscopes with images and videos directly on your • Use the HDMI interface to view directly on a screen mobile device without a PC • Make direct comparisons with other images • Connect the camera to your WiFi stick or via Router to • Take measurements, annotate the results and save them on your WiFi network and enjoy the ­b enefits of the imagingthe file server integrated into the network software Labscope • Load application images onto the mobile device for talks • Use the integrated pointer to lead your students to areas of and presentations, and use its image processing tools interest. Let them do their hand drawings with the drawing • Create individual reports with ease tube function • Give a live presentation • Network your classroom and move around freely whileteaching Software 61 Knowledge Base Your Resource for Camera Terminology 62 Knowledge Base Learn about fundamental terms of camera technology and their meaning. See how sensor type, resolution, frame rate and sensitivity are interconnected and influence your results. Knowledge Base 63 Sensor Size vs Camera Adapter vs Field of View (FOV) magnification) or less (higher magnification) of the image Use a c-mount camera adapter to mount your camera ontocoming out of your microscope (intermediate image). Typical your microscope. Depending on the magnification factorintermediate image sizes are 25 mm for Axio Imager, 23 mm of the adapter, the camera’s sensor may cover more (lower for Axio Observer or 23 mm for Axio Zoom.V16. Typical image sensor diameters are 7.9 mm (1/2″ format), Adapter 1.0× 11 mm (2/3″ format) or 16 mm (1″ format). Different C-mount adapter magnifications are 1×, 0.63×, 0.5×. Using a lower adapter magnification such as 0.63× causes into a: Axiocam 807 • Demagnification of the intermediate image, resulting in aAxiocam 702 Axiocam 705 larger field of view for the final image • Enlargement of pixel size, thus increasing light intensity ­detected by the sensor • Enlargement of pixel size, which reduces the effective ­c amera resolution D = 23 mm Resolution The spatial resolution of a digital camera is related to the pixelAdapter 0.63× density, which is defined by the pixel count per sensor area. The smaller the pixel aperture, the finer is the sampling of the presented structure. The reproduction of fine structures (lines) requires at least two pixels per structure sequence (line pair). Axiocam 807 Depending on the spectral composition of the signal, theAxiocam 702 Axiocam 705 optical resolution of color cameras can be slightly lower compared to monochrome cameras because of the color filter array. However, elaborate interpolation algorithms allow color cameras to provide optimal image quality. Pixel Size D = 23 mm Adapter 1.0× Adapter 0.63× 1×1 2×25×5 10 × 10 20 × 20 50 × 50100 × 100 Axiocam 705 Axiocam 712 2/3” Sensor 1.1" Sensor 11 mm diagonal17.5 mm / 0.63 = 27.8 diagonal Pixelsize = 3.45 µm 3.45 µm / 0.63 = 5.48 µm480i 720p 1080p6× larger FOV 640 × 480 pixels 1280 × 720 pixels 1920 × 1080 pixels6× higher speed  (66 % of 720p)(66 % of 1080p) 11 mm 27.8 mm 60 mm² 370 mm² The pixel size defines the resolution. One pixel is the smallest effective area on the sensor which is Different sensor sizes in relation to field of view. to become one image picture element.64 Knowledge Base The unit cell size can be estimated by taking the geometricalColor filter length (height) of one sensor line (column) and dividing it by the number of all pixels in one line (column). Effects of pixel size: Smaller pixels are Sensor pixel • good for higher resolution • lower in dynamic range • less light sensitive • noisier Sensor pixel Larger pixels are: Monochrome and color sensors – a comparison. • good for better light sensitivity • less noisy • higher in dynamic rangeSame pixel count • reducing the spatial resolution The best pixel size is a balance between sensitivity (larger pixel) and resolution (smaller pixel) to get the best possible 1 Pixel 1 Pixel compromise for the imaging requirements at a given optical setup.Even when the pixel count is the same, the image taken with the larger-sizedpixels is less noisy because the CCD sensor is larger. Name of Effect Related Limitation Counter Measure Dark currentMaximum exposure time, Given for a specific sensor-technology, Spurious signal by thermally generated electronsLow light sensitivity, dynamic range, single pixel active thermo-electrical cooling inside the sensor silicon material. ­d efects (hot pixels) This signal varies from pixel to pixel and causes an ­e xposure time dependent signal offset for each ­i ndividual pixel. In addition it contributes to the signal noise. Readout noiseLow light sensitivity, directly limiting theSensor design and analog signal management Noise added to the signal during read-outpotential low light detection threshold, dynamicdependent, signal amplification by EMCCD range architecture Photon shot noiseDetection precision at high intensity levels, Theoretical and practical limit of detection is Physical property of light, proportional to square noisy, low light images absolute, therefore no direct countermeasures root of produced electrons ADC effects Detection precision, intensity errors Use of good ADCs, use more bits than needed, Differential and integral linearity effects, software calibration algorithms quantitation errors of Analog to Digital Converters Static sensor artefacts Visible cosmetic defects, fixed patterns in image On the fly processing of the image data with Defective pixels, non-uniformity effects of photo­o verlaying image information correction algorithms, black reference, pixel wise response, dark current, dark offset, electronic glow,dark current maps, use of selected sensors, hot pixels, column or row offsets, Correction by calibration of static effects, dead pixel black offset non-uniformitiesstorage memory in camera Dynamic sensor artefacts Visible cosmetic defects, traveling overlaidHigh quality electronic design, electronic shielding, Blinking pixels, hot pixels, pixel and line offset flicker patterns in image, subsequent artefacts in multihigh quality cables and connectors, on the fly ­e ffects, electro-magnetic crosstalk of high frequency channels or Z-stack images causing errors in 3D dynamic correction algorithms, selection of high ­interference effects, etc. renderings, errors in post processing algorithmsquality components, high quality sensors and dark like segmen­t ation, counting, etc. current calibration. OverviewKnowledge Base 65 4000 4000 100 counts noise without noise 3000 3000 intensity [counts] intensity [counts] 2000 2000 1000 1000 0 0 0 100 200300 400 0 100 200 300400 position [pixel] position [pixel] Dark Noise (Thermal Noise): origin by thermal electrons in the CCD cooling about 8 – 10° reduces dark rushing by factor twoNoise Sensor Cooling Noise in a digital camera is a random fluctuation of the imageCooling is used to minimize the thermal generation of signal which causes a detection error. Noise can come fromelectrons (dark current) in the sensor silicon material and various physical sources and it limits the detection capability the resulting dark current noise. You can reduce the dark of a given camera. Post-processing algorithms can be used to current by approximately a factor of two by lowering minimize noise, but this sacrifices other image factors such as the sensor temperature by 7 °C. Active thermo-electrical resolution. cooling prevents the sensor from being heated by the power dissipation inside the camera electronics. Description Explanation Advantage Disadvantage Analog Gain Amplification of the analog • Increases the brightness impression of• Standard case: when the ADC can handle the ­voltage signal at the output of an the signal full ­s ignal amplitude of the sensor no sensitivity image sensor before the Analog- • Needed to optimally adapt the analogimprovement can be achieved by analog gain Digital-Converter (ADC)­s ignal output from the camera sensor • Images look very noisy to the input range of the Analog-Digital• Reduction of available intra-scene dynamic range ­Converter (ADC) within the camera ­e lectronicsSpecial case: in the case of a bottleneck from the ADC input range  analog gain can be used as sensitivity improvement EM-Gain Electron Multiplication-Gain.• Compensation for read noise limitation• Image affected by new noise source  Dedicated on-chip high-voltage  real detection improvement of low random bright pixel events  acceleration stage light ­image signalsminimization of EM-gain ­required • In combination with back thinning • Gain efficiency affected by ageing  technology and large pixels  providing limited durability of EM gain best possible low light sensitivity • Reduction of available intra-scene dynamic range Digital Gain Multiplication of the digital pixel • Mathematical way to increase brightness • No increase in detection sensitivity value by a numerical factor • Commonly used for adapting different • Histogram representation affected  ­intensities to display different gaps in the histogram data fluorescence channels in a multichannel • Reduction of available intra-scene dynamic range image Ways to amplify signals in cameras 66 Knowledge BaseExtremely low temperatures – say, –20 °C – are not alwaysrequired. Cooling is still unavoidable for EMCCD cameras,Peltier cooler (white plate),mounted on heat sinkdue to their specific working principle. All other cameratechnologies have a benefit by cooling only at long exposuretimes (after some 30s and more), when the low dark currentsums up and gets disturbing again. Heat sink for cooler, connected Binning with housing for dissipation Camera sensitivity can be increased by combining photogenerated signal charges from neighboring pixels duringread-out. This also increases the camera frame rate. OneSensorSocketside effect is the loss of image resolution. Binning factorscan range from 1 × 1 (no binning) up to multiple pixels suchas 5 × 5. Multiple charge binning is mainly available for CCDsensors. Binning in CMOS camera sensors is traditionally done Thermo electrical cooling helps to minimize dark current effects of CCD andin the digital domain by adding neighboring pixel values, CMOS image sensors.which gives no extra sensitivity. Frame Rate Cooling requires a heat sink to dissipate power from the The frame rate of a digital camera denotes the number of thermo-electrical cooler itself. Additional measures are images which can be delivered per second (fps = frames needed to prevent condensation from humidity on theper seconds). Unlike TV cameras, scientific cameras are not cold sensor surface. Modern sensors show a vastly reduced limited to standard video frame rates. Digital camera frame amount of dark current compared to devices from the past. rates depend on various parameters:Exposure timeshorter = faster: Exposure time limits the absolute frame rate independent from all other technical factors. If the time to collect photons lasts for 100 ms, the maximum achievable frame rate is 1 / 100 ms = 10 fps. Sensor readout speed / clock speed higher = faster: Total time to readout: accumulate photon signal+ conversion into a digital signal + transmission to a PC. Exposure and Readout correspond to a full cycle of an image acquisition. Pixel count less = faster: The more pixels, the longer the readout cycle, the slower the frame rate. The interface bandwidth can become the bottleneck if the pixel count cannot be transferred within the sensor readout time. Sensor sub frame / region of interestsmaller = faster: Definition of sensor sub areas (ROI) help reduce the amount of transmitted image data  frame rates can be increased, Prerequisite: exposure time is shorter then readout time of ROI Bandwidth of digital interface higher = faster: Data transfer capacity of the interface. Effective USB 3.0 bandwidth is approximately 320 Mbytes / s. Parallel readout architecture of CMOSmore = faster: sensors CMOS sensors exceed the frame rates of comparably sized CCD sensors due to significantly more parallel output structures on the sensor. The interface bandwidth is more likely to be the data transfer bottleneck. Trigger signal synchronization Synchronization of external trigger components with image acquisition  reduction of the maximum achievable frame rates with improvement of precision. Overlapping readout and exposure Special optimization for fast time series acquisition (fast time-lapse) without switching external components  overlap of exposure event while readout of the previous image. Only if exposure time is longer than readout  frame rate limited by exposure time. Knowledge Base 67 CMOS Sensor with high dark current, 10s, 4 °C ZEISS Axiocam 702 mono, 10s, 15 °C ZEISS Axiocam 702 mono offers extended flexibility for long exposure times up to 60 s Hot Pixel Spectral Sensitivity / Quantum efficiency Cosmetic sensor defects are caused by a local emission of All kind of light detectors show a wavelength dependent light electrons in the sensor material. Hot pixels are visible as sensitivity. The conversion efficiency is the ratio of incoming static single bright pixels against the black background. Their photons to generated signal electrons stated as a percentage. intensity varies widely and scales with exposure time and Detection range of silicon based sensors like CCD or CMOS sensor temperature. The signal cannot be differentiated from can stretch from approximately 350 nm up to 1000 nm, with photon generated electrons. If the sensor is temperature a peak between 500 nm – 600 nm. For detection of radiation stabilized, the dark current can be compensated for byoutside of this spectral range, other materials need to be subtracting the spurious signal in correspondence withused. exposure time. Saturated pixels need to be interpolated because image information in these pixels is lost and cannot Modern front illuminated devices offer a typical QE in the be reconstructed. Cosmic radiation can induce new hot pixel range of 70 %. Monochrome peak QE can be improved with defects over time.back thinned technology by up to 95 % in peak. CMOS sensor with long exposure timesZEISS Axiocam 702 mono Left: Dark background, non uniformity from common CMOS sensor at 10s, Right: ZEISS Axiocam 702 mono with modern CMOS sensor at 10s with very dark background, low non uniformity68Knowledge BaseWhite BalanceThe color of the illuminating light source influences the color 1of an object. The relative intensity of the color channels of a0.9 Relative Spectral Sensivity0.8color camera needs to be adjusted to assure a neutral color0.7 reproduction. For this, you will need a manual or automatic0.6selection of a neutral (grey) point in the image. Fine-tune the0.5 0.4 color reproduction by assigning slightly shifted target values0.3 for the neutral point. Adjust the color temperature of the0.2 0.1monitor (i.e. 3,200 K) to reach the desired color reproduction. 0 400450 500550 600 650 700Display Curve Wavelength (nm) The image display curve is a powerful tool in ZEN imagingsoftware, used to define how image data is displayed on Relative spectral sensitivity ZEISS Axiocam 807 color. a computer screen without changing the raw image data.Use this tool to adjust dark areas of your image visually byselectively changing the curvature or the steepness of the The spectral sensitivity of color cameras is lower thancurve. Shift the minimum or maximum points to allow for monochrome cameras. The color filter dyes on the pixelsthe limitation of the visualized intensity range. The color reduce the peak spectral QE by approximately 15 %. Color rendition can be influenced by a Gamma curvature. Image cameras also need an IR filter as color is only defined in the characteristics are applied to the image data, if the image visible spectrum. gets exported into non .CZI image formats. Color Temperature 2,000 K3,000 K 5,000 K 7,000 K 10,000 KSunrise / Sunset Incandescent Daylight / Flash Cloudy Day Shade UnderCandlelightLight Bulb a Blue Sky Color temperature is a temperature value (in Kelvin) of a lightGamma adjustment – linear display source and is used to describe the spectral characteristic of the corresponding spectral emission. It indicates the color impression of a light source: lower temperatures are more red, higher temperatures are more blue. The color temperature of the light influences how the human eye perceives color.Gamma Adjustment – Gamma 0.45 Knowledge Base 69 A nearly linear Gamma over the whole dynamic range delivers a rather dark The same image displayed with a steep display curve – cutting away some of ­d isplay of this transmitted light image. the dark and bright information – shows too much contrast. Advantages of Monochrome Cameras for Fluorescence Applications Monochrome cameras are better suited for fluorescence imaging than color cameras due to multiple reasons: Feature Explanation Spectral Sensitivity Full spectral range of the silicon, effective Rangerange from 350 nm up to 1000 nm due to for the lack of an IR blocking filter. Absolute QE Higher quantum efficiency of +8 % up to +30 % depending of the wavelength, due to no color filters on the pixels. Spatial Resolution Higher spatial / optical resolution, since there is no color filter pattern on the pixels. With a color camera, the pixels are 25 % red, 25 % blue and 50 % green. With the monochromatic signal from fluorescence, only a fraction of these pixels is then stimulated, and is thus less efficient. As seen here, a nonlinear Gamma curvature in the range of 0.45 over the Advantages of Monochrome Cameras for Fluorescence Applications whole dynamic range often delivers good results for transmitted light images. 70Knowledge Base Dynamic Range The available range of measurable intensities within one For example, full well 15,000 e⁻/ read noise 6 e⁻ = 2,500 single image can be computed as the ratio between the ­resolvable intensity values in one image. In this case, a 12 bit brightest and the dimmest point in an image. analog-digital converter (ADC) is necessary to properly displaythese values. Maximum range is the difference between the saturation of the sensor (full well capacity) and the noise floor (read noise). Sensor Technology Explanation Advantage Disadvantage CCD “Charge Coupled Device”,High sensitivity, good dynamic range, External driver electronics and ADC Proven reliable technology with a very homogenous image quality,required, ­R elatively high heat production long history of optimization. low number of image artefacts,from external support circuitry, Stable technology and quality Usable for long exposure times with cooling. Limited readout speed due to charge Minimum amount of post-processing transport mechanism, needed, Speed limitation due to architecture Global shutter architecture for simultaneous acquisition, Front illuminated and back illuminated solutions, Wide selection of pixel counts and pixel sizes available, different architectures (Interline global shutter, frame transfer) CMOS“Complementary Metal Oxide Products with broad range of different Limited range of usable exposure time,­S emiconductor” quality and performance levels.­m assive post-processing of image data due Successor of CCD technology,Fastest image readout due to massive parallel to high amount of non-uniformities and recent breakthrough for massreadout architecture, highest dynamic range, ­cosmetic defects, production of quality products, high light sensitivity, rolling and global Widely used rolling shutter architecture can currently high innovation rate shutter technology available, high quality cause geometrical distortions from moving mass production technology, sensor control objects. and signal processing including on-chip ADC,Charge binning feature is not commonly wide selection of pixel counts and pixel sizes, available. Front illumination as standard, growing mass production of back thinned global shutter devices. sCMOS “Scientific Complementary Metal Very low average ­readout noise enables Only rolling shutter, mandatory post- Oxide Semiconductor”very good low light signal detection, highprocessing of image data due to non- High end CMOS dynamic range, high frame rates possible, uniformities and c­ osmetic defects, limited sensor control and signal processing exposure range, cooling required due to ­including on-chip ADC, large field of view high dark current, blinking pixel noise, ­e xtreme bandwidth requires dedicatedinterface technology, i.e. camera linkcurrently no charge ­b inning feature sCMOS High end CMOS technology with Further improved sensitivity by higher QE Expensive, low volume manufacturing, Back Thinning back thinned technology for up to 95 %Only rolling shutter architecture, higher QE mandatory post-processing of image data due to non-uniformities and cosmetic defects, limited in maximum usable exposure time, cooling ­required to suppress higher dark current, new type of noise, currently no charge ­b inning feature EMCCD Electron multiplication CCD,Highest available detection sensitivity with Low resolution, low pixel count, Back thinned Frame Transfer ­s emiconductor imagers, best choice for superPossible artefacts due to frame transfer CCD with dedicated structure for low light imaging requirements, amplification­a rchitecture, limited dynamic range, ageing amplification of photo generated ­a rchitecture is built to skip the read noise­e ffect of on-chip amplification structure, electrons ­limitation for detection of lowest signals deep cooling mandatory for correct ­f unction, very high pricingKnowledge Base 71 Technical Data Color Cameras Educam 105 Axiocam 105 color Axiocam 208 color Axiocam 305 color Sensor typeCMOS image sensor color, CMOS, Rolling Shutter CMOS, Rolling Shutter CMOS, Global ShutterRolling Shutter Sensor size5.20 mm × 3.90 mm, 5.70 mm × 4.28 mm 7.1 mm × 4.0 mm8.5 mm × 7.1 mmequivalent to 1 / 2.8″ equivalent to 1/2.24″ equivalent to 1/2.1″ equivalent 2/3″(6.5 mm diagonal) diagonal 7.13 mm diagonal 8.1 mmdiagonal 11.1 mm Pixel Count5.04 megapixel:5.0 megapixel:8.3 megapixel: 5.07 megapixel:2592 (H) × 1944 (V)2592 (H) × 1944 (V) 3840 (H) × 2160 (V)2464 (H) × 2056 (V) Subsampling– – – 1×1, 2×2 Pixel size 2.0 µm × 2.0 µm2.2 µm × 2.2 µm 1.85 µm × 1.85 µm 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm Full Well Capacity – – – 10,500 e⁻ Sensor Filter Mask RGB Bayer Filter RGB Bayer Filter RGB Bayer Filter RGB Bayer Filter Spectral Sensitivity Approx. 400 nm – 660 nm, Approx. 400 nm – 670 nm, Approx. 400 nm – 700 nm, Approx. 380 nm – 720 nm,IR filter IR filter IR filter coated IR cut filter BinningNo NoNo Digital binning1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× ROI (Region of Interest) Fixed frame 1080p mode Yes (adjustable) Fixed frame 1080p mode Yes (adjustable) Readout Noise – – – Typ. 2.2 e⁻ @ gain 1× Dark current – – – Typ. < 1.0 e⁻/p / s @ 25°C Dynamic range – – – Typ. 1:4800 Digitization Bit Depth 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 12 bit / 8 bit Exposure Time Range30 µs – 1 s30 µs – 1 s 61 µs – 1 s100 µs – 4 s Analog Gain0× – 27× adjustableYes 1× – 22× adjustable1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× Frame rate live image /Live Live 17 fps at 5 MP Live Live 30 fps at 5 MP Time Lapse Recording Ethernet: 30fps at 1080p Ethernet: 30 fps at67 fps at 1920 × 1080(H.264) with pixel size 4K/1080p (H.264) (ROI in HD format)2.67 µm × 2.67 µm, USB 3.0: 30 fps at 136 fps at 512 × 512 (ROI)5.1 mm × 2.9 mm 4K/1080p (MJPEG)(5.9 mm diagonal)HDMI: 30 fps at 4K/1080p Not recommended for timelapse imaging in ZEN Sensor cooling No NoNo stabilized at 25°C External trigger No NoNo No Interface USB 3.0 Type-A for Wi-Fi USB 3.0 Micro-B (Camera) to USB 3.0 Type C, Ethernet, USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s);adapter or flash drive USB 3.0 Standard A (PC / Board) HDMI, powerBandwidth max. 240 MB / s;Ethernet (RJ45) for router USB 2.0 optional, with lowerconnection speed;Barrel jack for power supply Power consumption DC barrel plug 5.5 × 2.5 mmmax. 0.5 – 1 W through9 W, external power supply 4W, powered by and supply with union screw USB 3.0 USB 3.0-Bus from PC Software Labscope v4.3 and higher ZEN blue, ZEN coreZEN blue, ZEN core, Labscope ZEN blue, ZEN core, Labscope 72Knowledge Base Axiocam 705 color Axiocam 712 color Axiocam 705 pol Axiocam 807 color Axiocam 820 color CMOS, Global ShutterCMOS, Global ShutterCMOS, Global Shutter CMOS, Global Shutter Gen3 CMOS, Global Shutter, Back Iluminated 8.5 mm × 7.1 mm 14.1 mm × 10.4 mm 8.5 mm × 7.1 mm 14.5 mm × 9.9 mm12.4 mm × 12.4 mm equivalent to 2/3″ equivalent to 1″equivalent to 2/3″ equivalent to 1.1″ (square field of view), diagonal 11.1 mmdiagonal 17.5 mmdiagonal 11.1 mm diagonal 17.6 mmequivalent to 1.1″ diagonal 17.5 mm 5.07 megapixel: 12 megapixel: 5.07 megapixel: 7.1 megapixel: 20 megapixel: 2464 (H) × 2056 (V) 4096 (H) × 3008 (V) 2464 (H) × 2056 (V) 3216 (H) × 2208 (V) 4512 (H) × 4512(V) 1×1, 2×21×1, 2×21×1 1 × 1, 2 × 21 × 1, 2 × 2 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm, 4.5 µm × 4.5 µm 2.74 µm × 2.74 µm 6.9 µm effective pixel size based on polarization filter cell size 11,000 e⁻ 11,000 e⁻ 11,000 e⁻25,000 e⁻ 10,000 e⁻ RGB Bayer FilterRGB Bayer FilterPolarization Filter RGB Bayer FilterRGB Bayer Filter (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°) Approx. 400 nm – 720 nm,Approx. 400 nm – 720 nm,Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, Approx. 400 nm – 720 nm,Approx. 400 nm – 720 nm, coated IR cut filtercoated IR cut filtercoated protective glass coated IR Cut filtercoated IR Cut filter Digital binning Digital binning Digital binning Hybrid binning Hybrid binning 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 5×5 1×1 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× Yes (adjustable)Yes (adjustable)Yes (adjustable) Yes (adjustable)Yes (adjustable) Typ. 2,2 e⁻ @ gain 1×, Typ. 2,2 e⁻ @ gain1×, Typ. 2.2 e⁻ @ gain 1×Typ. 5.7 e⁻ @ gain 1× Typ. 2.3 e⁻ @ gain 1× Typ. 1,15 e⁻ @ gain 16× Typ. 1,15 e⁻ @ gain 16× Typ. 1.15 e⁻ @ gain 16× down to 2.9 e⁻ @ gain 16× down to 1.3 e⁻ @ gain 16× Typ. < 0.5 e⁻/p / s @ 18 °C Typ. < 0.5 e⁻/p / s @ 18 °C Typ. < 0.5 e⁻/p / s @ 18°C Typ. 0.3 e⁻/p / s @ 25°CTyp. < 0.1 e⁻/p / s @ 25°C Typ. 1:5000 at gain 1×, Typ. 1:5000 at gain 1×, Typ. 1:5,000 at gain 1×, Typ. >1:4,420 at gain 1×, Typ. 1:4,400 at gain 1×, 1:25,000 at HDR mode1:25,000 at HDR mode1:25,000 at HDR mode Low Noise Mode 1:6,230 HDR 1:25,000 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 3× 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 Bit 3× 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 3× 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 100 µs to 60 s 100 µs to 60 s 100 µs – 60 s0.1 ms to 60 s 100 µs to 60 s 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× Live 30 fps 5 MPLive 30 fps at 2048 × 1504, Live 25 fps 5 MP (values onlyLive at 30 fps at 7 MP Live 30 fps at 2256 × 2256 60 fps at 2464 × 2056 (5MP) Live 20 fps at full frame for monochrome or fast color 73 fps at 3216 × 2208 28 fps at 4512 × 4512 115 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV23 fps full frame modes), 145 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV) 75 fps at 2256 × 2256 (subsampl.) format) 63 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV)Live 30 fps at 1920 × 1080 260 fps at 1608 × 1104 110 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV) 436 fps at 1920 × 256 up to 430 fps at 1020 × 120 60 fps at 2464 × 2056 (5MP) 487 fps up to 1920 × 256Up to 447 fps at 1920 × 128 115 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV format) 436 fps at 1920 × 256 stabilized at 18°C stabilized at 18°C stabilized at 18 °C stabilized at 25 °C stabilized at 25 °C Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s); USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s); USB 3.0 SuperSpeed Dual USB 3.0 (2× 5 GBit/s); Dual USB 3.0 (2× 5 GBit/s); Bandwidth max. 330 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 330 MB / s; (5 Gbit / s); BandwidthBandwidth max. 620 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 620 MB / s; USB 2.0 optional, with lower USB 2.0 optional, with lower max. 330 MB / s; Single USB 3.0 operationSingle USB 3.0 operation speed; speed; USB 2.0 optional, with lower at lower speed at lower speed speed; 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by 7W, powered by USB 3.0-Bus from PC USB 3.0-Bus from PC USB 3.0-Bus from PC Dual USB 3.0-Bus from PC, 5VDual USB 3.0-Bus from PC, 5V ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core Knowledge Base 73 Technical Data Monochrome Cameras Axiocam 202 monoAxiocam 506 monoAxiocam 702 mono Sensor typeCMOS, Global ShutterCCD, Quad Port Progressive Scan CMOS, Global Shutter Sensor size11.25 mm × 6.33 mm 12.2 mm × 9.8 mm11.3 mm × 7.1 mmequivalent to 1/1.2″equivalent to 1″equivalent to 1/1.2″diagonal 13.4 mmdiagonal 16 mm diagonal 13.3 mm Pixel Count2 megapixel:6 megapixel:2.4 megapixel:1920 (H) × 1080 (V) 2752 (H) × 2208 (V) 1920 (H) × 1216 (V) Subsampling– Pixel size 5.86 µm × 5.86 µm 4.54 µm × 4.54 µm 5.86 µm × 5.86 µm Full Well Capacity – 15,000 e⁻ 32,000 e⁻ Quantum Efficiency – 74% @ 500nm 78% @ 525 nm Spectral Sensitivity Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, coated Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm,protective glasscoated protective glass coated protective glass BinningNo Charge binning Digital binning1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, 5 × 5 1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, 5 × 5 ROI (Region of Interest) Fixed frame 1080p mode Yes (adjustable)Yes (adjustable) Readout Noise – Typ. < 6.5 e⁻ (39 Mhz), Typ. 6 e⁻ @ gain 1×Typ. 6 e⁻ (13 Mhz) Typ. 3.75 e⁻ @ gain 16× Dark current – Typ. < 0.06 e⁻/p / s at 18°C1.1 e⁻/p / s at 18 °C Dynamic range – Typ. 1:2,500Typ.> 1:5,000 at gain 1×HDR Mode 25,000:1 Digitization Bit Depth 8 and 12 bit14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit Exposure Time Range61 µs – 2 s 250 µs – 60 s 100 µs – 60 s Analog Gain1× – 16× adjustable 1×, 2×, 3× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× Frame rate live image /LiveLive 19 fps at 6 MP Live 30 fps at 2.4 MP Time Lapse Recording Ethernet: 30 fps at 1080p (H.264) 19 fps at 2752 × 2208; time lapse:USB 3.0: 30 fps at 1080p (MJPEG)32 (ROI in HD format) 128 fps at 1920 × 1216HDMI: 30 fps at 1080p 33 fps at 917 × 733;210 fps at 1929 × 720Not recommended for Timelapse imaging 51 fps at 550 × 440 534 fps at 1920 × 128in ZEN 1,000 fps at 1024 × 128 Sensor cooling No stabilized at 18°C stabilized at 18°C External trigger No Yes Yes Interface USB 3.0 Type C, USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s);USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s);Ethernet, Bandwidth max. 240 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 240 MB / s;HDMI, power USB 2.0 optional, USB 2.0 optional,with lower speed; with lower speed Power consumption and 9W, external power supply 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and supply USB 3.0-Bus from PC;USB 3.0-Bus from PC; Software ZEN blue, ZEN core, LabscopeZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core 74Knowledge Base Axiocam 705 mono Axiocam 712 mono Axiocam 807 monoAxiocam 820 mono CMOS, Global Shutter CMOS, Global Shutter CMOS, Global ShutterCMOS, Global Shutter, Back Iluminated 8.5 mm × 7.1 mm14.1 mm × 10.4 mm14.5 mm × 9.9 mm12.4 mm × 12.4 mm equivalent to 2/3″ equivalent to 1″ equivalent to 1.1″ (square field of view), diagonal 11.1 mm diagonal 17.5 mm diagonal 17.6 mmequivalent to 1.1″ diagonal 17.5 mm 5.07 megapixel:12 megapixel:7.1 megapixel: 20 megapixel: 2464 (H) × 2056 (V)4096 (H) × 3008 (V) 3216 (H) × 2208 (V) 4512 (H) × 4512(V) 1 × 1, 2 × 2 1 × 1, 2 × 2 1 × 1, 2 × 21 × 1, 2 × 2 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm 3.45 µm × 3.45 µm4.5 µm × 4.5 µm 2.74 µm × 2.74 µm 11,000 e⁻ 11,000 e⁻25,000 e⁻ 10,000 e⁻ 72% @ 550 nm 74% @ 500 nm 78% @ 520 nm86% @ 520nm, backside illuminated Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, Approx. 350 nm – 1,000 nm, coated protective glasscoated protective glass coated protective glass coated protective glass Digital binningDigital binning Hybrid binning Hybrid binning 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× 1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, 5 × 51×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5× Yes (adjustable) Yes (adjustable) Yes (adjustable)Yes (adjustable) Typ. 2.2 e⁻ @ gain 1× Typ. 2.2 e⁻ @ gain 1×Typ. 5.7 e⁻ @ gain 1× Typ. 2.3 e⁻ @ gain 1× Typ. 1.15 e⁻ @ gain 16×Typ. 1.15 e⁻ @ gain 16× down to 2.9 e⁻ @ gain 16× down to 1.3 e⁻ @ gain 16× Typ. < 0.5 e⁻/p / s @ 18°C Typ. < 0.5 e⁻/p / s @ 18°C Typ. 0.3 e⁻/p / s @ 25°CTyp. < 0.1 e⁻/p / s @ 25°C Typ. 1:5,000 at gain 1×, Typ. 1:5,000 at gain 1×, Typ. >1:4,420 at gain 1×, Typ. 1:4,400 at gain 1×, 1:25,000 at HDR mode 1:25,000 at HDR mode Low Noise Mode 1:6,230 HDR 1:25,000 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 Bit14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit adjustable 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 14 bit / 12 bit / 8 bit 100 µs – 60 s 100 µs to 60 s 0.1 ms to 60 s 100 µs to 60 s 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16×1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, 16× Live 30 fps 5 MP Live 30 fps at 2048 × 1504, Live at 30 fps at 7 MP Live 30 fps at 2256 × 2256 60 fps at 2464 × 2056 (5MP)Live 20 fps at full frame73 fps at 3216 × 2208 28 fps at 4512 × 4512 115 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV format) 23 fps full frame145 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV) 75 fps at 2256 × 2256 (subsampl.) 436 fps at 1920 × 256 63 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV) 260 fps at 1608 × 1104 110 fps at 1920 × 1080 (HDTV)up to 430 fps at 1020 × 120 487 fps up to 1920 × 256Up to 447 fps at 1920 × 128 stabilized at 18 °Cstabilized at 18 °C stabilized at 25 °C stabilized at 25 °C YesYes Yes Yes USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s); USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (5 Gbit / s); Dual USB 3.0 (2× 5 GBit/s); Dual USB 3.0 (2× 5 GBit/s); Bandwidth max. 330 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 330 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 620 MB / s; Bandwidth max. 620 MB / s; USB 2.0 optional, with lower speed USB 2.0 optional, with lower speed Single USB 3.0 operationSingle USB 3.0 operation at lower speed at lower speed 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by USB 2.0 and 7W, powered by 7W, powered by USB 3.0-Bus from PC; USB 3.0-Bus from PC; Dual USB 3.0-Bus from PC, 5VDual USB 3.0-Bus from PC, 5V ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core ZEN blue, ZEN core Knowledge Base 75 Applications Color Cameras Educam 105 Axiocam 105 color Axiocam 208 color Axiocam 305 color Histology / Pathology – ++ +++ +++ Live Cell Imaging – + + ++ Fluorescence Imaging– + + ++ Low Light Imaging for Dim Samples – + + ++ Semiconductor Inspection– ++ ++ +++ Large Samples – + + +++ Materials Research – +++ +++ ++++ Quality Control – +++ +++++++ Teaching++++ +++ +++++++ Clinical Routine– +++++++++++ Dynamic Range – + +++ ++++ Color Rendition – ++ ++++++++ Polarized Light Applications– + ++ +++ Max. Field of View at High Speed– + + +++ Monochrome Cameras Axiocam 202 mono Axiocam 305 monoAxiocam 702 monoAxiocam 705 mono Histology / Pathology + + + + Live Cell Imaging + +++ ++++++++ Fluorescence Imaging+++++++++++++++ Low Light Imaging for Dim Samples ++ ++++++++++++ Semiconductor Inspection++ +++ ++ ++++ Large Samples ++++++ +++ +++ Materials Research ++ ++ ++ ++ Quality Control + + + + Teaching++++ +++ + ++ Clinical Routine++++ ++ + + Dynamic Range +++++++++++++++ Max. Field of View at High Speed+ +++ ++++++++ 76Knowledge Base Axiocam 705 color Axiocam 712 color Axiocam 705 polAxiocam 807 color Axiocam 820 color +++++++++ +++++++++ +++ +++ ++++++ +++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ ++ ++ + +++ +++ +++++++++ ++++++++ +++ +++++ ++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++ +++ ++++++++ ++++++++ +++ + ++ + + +++ ++ + + ++ ++++++++++++ +++++++ ++++++++n.a. ++++++++ ++++++++++++ * ++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ * no analyzer needed for pol imaging Axiocam 712 monoAxiocam 807 monoAxiocam 820 mono + + + +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++ ++ +++ + ++ + + + + + + + ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ Knowledge Base 77 78 Service and support for your ZEISS microscope system.ZEISS moments are about passion. It is this passion with which we service and optimize your ZEISS microscope and keep it at the latest state of the art, so that your work can systematically lead to success. Experience service that lives up to its name. Your microscope system from ZEISS is one of your most important tools. For over 160 years, the ZEISS brand and our experience have stood for reliable equipment with a long life in the field of microscopy. You can rely on us to ensure that you can always use your microscope’s full performance. With repair services and spare and replacement parts, our skilled ZEISS service team makes sure that your microscope is always ready for use. Our experts keep on working even after you have chosen ZEISS, with a wide range of additional services to ensure that you can experience those special moments – those special moments that inspire your work. Maintenance and optimization Your ZEISS Protect service agreement provides all-around security for your microscope system. There are no unexpected operating costs, and the availability of your system is increased. With preventative maintenance as a fundamental part of the service agreements, you benefit from optimized system performance. We’ll work with you to select the service package that best meets your needs, that corresponds to the equipment that you have, and that is tailored to the specific requirements of your applications. Enhance your microscope system Your ZEISS microscope is designed to be future-proof. Open interfaces allow you to extend your system. You can add your choice of accessories to keep up with the state of the art and thus extend your microscope’s useful life. We would be happy to help you to find which accessories are available for your microscope that ideally match your application. 79 07745 Jena, Germany [email protected] www.zeiss.com/axiocam Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbHFollow us on social media: C e r ti f i e d Q u a l i t y S y s te m ISO 13485 Not for therapeutic use, treatment or medical diagnostic evidence. Not all products are available in every country. Contact your local ZEISS representative for more information. 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